Year  Student  Advisor  Thesis Title
2019

Katrina Drury                                                        

DiBianca Fasoli

Questions are important, right? The socialization of children’s knowledge through mother’s and father’s questions

 Year  Student  Advisor  Thesis Title
2018

Alison Kraner                                       

Arndt

Does the Self-Administered Interview Protect Against MisInformation?

2018

Emma Shumway

McCauley

The Effect of Moral Foundations Framing and Political Identity Priming on Environmental Attitudes in Conservatives

2018 Cassandra Wanna                                                        Seehuus

A house is not a home: Modeling the effects of pre-migration and post-migration factors within resettled refugee populations

 Year  Student  Advisor  Thesis Title
2017

Sarah Caffry

Gurland

Moderators of Self-Compassion as it Relates to Pre-Social Compassion and Helping Intentions

2017

Amanda Haik

Seehuus

Third Party Perceptions of Infidelity Based on Gender of the Cheater and Type of Infidelity: Using Same Sex Couples

2017 Kristen Regenauer                          DiBianca Fasoli

Is Moral Disengagement Contagious? The Effects of Peers on Moral Disengagement

2017 Kaitlyn Kuvalanka Kimble

The Symbolic War: Perceptions of Military Veteran Employability in the Civilian Workforce

2017 Emily Mellon Kimble

Negative Cognitions & PTSD: USing N400 and Reaction Time Measurements to Assess Semantic Expectancy Biases in Trauma Survivors

 Year  Student  Advisor  Thesis Title
2016

Hana Gratch                                          

Moeller

Leadership Aspirations, Perceived Career Barriers, and Social Support in College-Age Women

2016

Lauren Henry

McCauley

Impact of Need Satisfaction on Collegiate Athlete’s Motivation, Performance, Committment & Well-being

2016 Ashley Leung Gurland

Effects of Motivational Context on Incidental Word Learning

2016 Steven Kasparek                                                          Velez Understanding Academic Self-Concept in College Students: The Relationship between Race, Socioeconomic Status and Perceived Economic Disadvantage
 Year  Student  Advisor  Thesis Title
2015

Brendan Cullen (NSCI)

Cronise

EEG correlates of self-reference in meditators and non-meditators

2015

Evan Gallagher (NSCI)

Collaer

What’s good, what’s bad, and what’s ugly? The impact of stress on our perceptions of morality

2015 Ben Mansky (NSCI) Parker

Variation in ethanol sensitivity in the Diversity Outbred mouse population: Implications for genome-wide association mapping

2015 Mackenzie Martin Gurland

How self-affirmation affects academic outcomes for stereotyped groups: Feedback and help-seeking as possible mechanisms?

2015 Claire Nishioka Velez

Race, feelings and faces: The effects of emotional states on the presence of own race bias in emotion recognition

2015 Rita Pfeiffer (NSCI) Kimble

Expressive writing and language fluency: Implications for first-year college students

2015 Cade Schregger (NSCI) Kimble

The long road home: Evaluating perceptions of combat veterans – An IAT/EEG study

2015 Taylor Taylor    (NSCI)                           Parker

Measuring conditioned fear in the Diversity Outbred mouse population: Implications for identifying genes associated with PTSD in humans?

Year Student Advisor Thesis Title
2014 Rebecca Crochiere Velez

The Effect of Stereotype Threat on the Experience of Flow

2014 Rachel Fowler (NSCI) Kimble

The Effect of PTSD and Childhood Trauma on Negative Expectancy Bias: an N400 Study

2014 Abigail Karp (ES Conservation Psych) McCauley

The Effect of Goal Setting and Reminders on Environmental Behavior

2014 Nuttida Rungratsameetaweemana (NSCI) Arndt

The Influence of Internal and External Arousal on Memory

2014 Sara Sobolewski (NSCI) Kimble

Examining Negative Expectancy Biases in PTSD using the N400 ERP Response

 Year  Student  Advisor  Thesis Title
2013 Danielle Baker McCauley Nature Immersion and Breathing Exercise Effects on Directed Attention and Stress
2013 Caitlin Barrett Baldridge Communication and Hookup Satisfaction Among College Students
2013 Olivia Blahut McCauley To Give or Not to Give? Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Contributions to the Public Good
2013 Mariam Boxwala Gurland Internalization in a Religious Setting: Examining the effects of social facilitators in sermons on participants’ internalization of a pro-social behavior
2013 Marea Colombo Hofer Hot Cognition and Theory of Mind
2013 Emily Dodge Gurland Middle School Students’ Evaluations of the Effectiveness of Autonomy-Supportive Versus Controlling Teachers
2013 Kyle Harrold (NSCI) Stefani The Effect of an α2 Subunit Selective GABAReceptor Agonist on Cognitive Flexibility in a Rat Model of Schizophrenia
 2013 Amanda Mulligan Baldridge Let’s Talk About Sex: Factors Associated with College Students’ Sexual Communication Apprehension
2013 Shannon Muscatello Velez Rose-Colored Glasses or Prescription Lenses: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification in Friends With Benefits Relationships and Dating
2013 Deirdre Sackett (NSCI) Stefani Effect of NMDA Receptor Blockade, Neurosteroid, and Response Option on Performance of a Task Measuring Cognitive Flexibility in Rats
2013 Angela Santee McCauley A Self-Determination Theroy Perspective on Communication with Children in the Interview Setting: The Importance of Psychological Need Support
Year Student Advisor Thesis Title
2012 Michelle Alto Gurland How Full is Your Bucket?  Testing a Socio-Emotional Learning Program
2012 Emily Bennett Collaer Finding Your Way: The Effects of Sex and Stress on Human Spatial Navigation Abilities
2012 Jocelyn Breton (NSCI) Arndt Relational and Item Specific Processing in the Testing Effect: Effects of Retrieval Difficulty
2012 Ellen Dahlberg Baldridge An Investment Model Analysis of Friends With Benefits Relationships
2012 Jamie Harisiades (NSCI) Arndt Psychophysiological Arousal Response at Encoding and Retrieval for Emotionally Arousing Words
2012 Sarah Harney McCauley The Effects of Rapport and Autonomy support on Children’s Food Recall
2012 Melissa Hayes (NSCI) Cronise The Effect of HDAC Inhibition on the Extinction of Conditioned Tolerance to Hypothermic Effects of Alcohol and the Resulting Changes in BrdU Cell Labeling
2012 Amy Johnson (NSCI) Stefani The Effects of Pregnenolone Sulfate in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex on Cognitive Flexibility in a Rat Model of Schizophrenia
2012 Claire McIlvennie McCauley Individually Helping the Environment Together: Relatedness, Social Norms, and the Attitude-Behavior Gap
2012 Lisa Mulcahy Hofer The Influence of Disciplinary Knowledge on Epistemic Belief Change within a Domain
2012 Holly O’Donnell Hofer First-Year College Students’ Use of Facebook and the Transition to College
2012 Sara Woodworth Baldridge Hookups as a Context for Relationship Initiation Among College Students
2012 Nina Wright (NSCI) Stefani The role of Septohippocampal Hypocretin Transmission in Declarative Memory Acquisition and Consolidation
Year Student Advisor Thesis Title
2011 Adam Dede Arndt Differentiating Between Models of Familiarity and Recollection Interaction: an Event-Related Potential Study
2011 Stephanie Halgren Goetz

I Know What You Did, but I’ll Help You Anyway: Predicting Prosocial Behavior with Causal Controllability and Genetic Relatedness

2011 Stephen Jewell  Goetz

Compassion and Economic Decisions: Incidentally Promoting Cooperation in a Trust Game

2011 Kevin Madore McCauley

Eliciting Children’s Food and Movement Recall: Can the Interviewer’s Questions Make a Difference?

2011 Evan Masseau (NSCI) Stefani

Role of Septohippocampal Orexin Transmission in Memory Acquisition and Consolidation during Novel Object Recognition Task

2011 Jonas Schoenefeld McCauley

The Beast in the Backyard: Impacts of Local Climate Change Information and Values on Pro-Environmental Behavior and Climate Policy Support

2011

Cloe Shasha

 Arndt

Promoting Far Transfer with the Testing Effect: Learning Mathematical Probability Principles to Solve Analogical Word Problems

2011

Ruby Ward (NSCI)

Stefani

The Effects of Cannabinoid Receptor Blockade in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex on Cognitive Flexibility in a Rat Model of Schizophrenia

2011

Nichole Wyndham

Augustus Jordan

Earning the “Right” to be Bad: Environmental Behaviors and the Moral Licensing Effect

Year Student Advisor Thesis Title
2010 Aviva Bannerman Gurland Behavioral Effects of Unique Perspective Taking Methods in Mildly Aggressive Situations between Strangers: A Casual Approach
2010 Elizabeth Bacon Kimble An Eye Tracking Study of Attention in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
2010 Kelly Bennion Arndt Recognition Memory and the Testing Effect: Does Recollection Make a Difference?
2010 Carolyn Birsky Campbell Predicting the Psychological Effects of College Women’s Hookup Experiences
2010 Amber Harris Hofer Knowing Who and What to Believe: Examining the Relationship between Epistemic Beliefs and Motivation during Adolescence
2010 Kat Hartley McCauley Friendly Persuasion: Considering How and When Social Norms Motivate Pro-Environmental Behavior
2010 Julia Kim Kimble Facial Processing Strategies of Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorders
2010 Yuki Shinoda Gurland What Determines How Teachers Respond to Students’ Problems? Examining the Effects of Perspective-Taking, Attributions, and Emotions
2010 Kelly Stewart Kimble Effects of Writing on Depression, Anxiety, and Visual Attention
2010 Caleigh Waldman McCauley The Relationship Between Childhood Experiences and Adult Environmental Behavior
2010 Yuki Yoshida McCauley So, you want to save the earth?  Start with your interpersonal relationships
Year Student Advisor Thesis Title
2009 Emer Feighery Stefani The Effect of Allopregnanolone on Cognitive Flexibility in a Rat Model of Schizophrenia
2009 Jenny Kurland Kimble An Eye-Tracking Study of Attentional Biases in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
2009 Ashton Lehmann Stefani The Effects of Prefrontal Cannabinois Receptor Blockade on Cognitive Flexibility in a Rat Model for Schizophrenia
2009 Cordelia Ross Kimble PTSD and Semantic Expectancy: An N400 Study
2009 Ari Silverman Velez From First Base Around to Home: Relationship Outcomes as a Function of Hookup Intimacy Levels and Personality Dimensions
2009 Catherine Timmins Hofer Still Connected?: A Longitudinal Analysis of Emerging Adult-Parent Communication and Relationships after College
2009 Julia Tomasko Arndt Comparing Strategies to Reduce the Social Misinformation Effect
2009 Margaret Whitaker Langrock Mother-Child Reading of Emotion-Themed Picture Books: Age Differences and Associations with Emotion Understanding
Year Student Advisor Thesis Title
2008 Yan Bababekov Kimble The P300 Event-Related Potential and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
2008 Alex DeLisi Jordan Changes in Understanding and Acceptance of Evolutionary Theory: A Two-Year Study
2008 Priyanjali Devan Stefani Sweet Memories: An enhancing effect of glucose on learning and cognition?
2008 Jessie Evangelista Gurland The Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Teacher-Student Relationship Quality
2008 Katie Fisher Velez Describing Heterosexually-Identified Young Adults with Same-Sex Inclinations
2008 Amelia Goff Langrock Parent-Child Shared Book Reading: Differences in Discrete Emotion Discussions
2008 Mercedes Huff Stefani The Role of Insular Cortex in Cognitive Flexibility
2008 Libby Marks Kimble Examining semantic expectancy in trauma survivors using the N400
2008 Elise Tarbi Collaer Does the way you PAY ATTENTION influence your spatial abilities?
2008 Caitlin Taylor McCauley Adults’ Perceptions of a Child’s Recall: What Matters?
Year Student Advisor Thesis Title
2007 Laura Batterink Kimble N400 ERP Response as a Measurement of Semantic Expectancy in Trauma Survivors
2007 Katherine Belon Cho How Much Do People Worry? Everyday Worry, Gender, and Perceptions of Worry in the Parent-Child Relationship
2007 Molly Bowman Kimble Symptomological Predictors of P300 Characteristics in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
2007 Alex Citrin Langrock Children’s Memory Project: The Effect of Time Segmentation Training on Children’s Recall
2007 Rachel Fong Stefani Neurochemical Mechanisms of Glucose-Induced Cognitive Enhancement: Interaction Between Glucose and Dopamine Receptor Subtypes
2007 Nancy Fullman Hofer Parents on Speed Dial: The Psychological Implications of Frequent Student-Parent Communication in Emerging Adulthood
2007 Laura Kwoh Cho It Comes with the Territory: Exploring Parental Worries of Mothers and Fathers of Kindergarten-aged Children
2007 Charlene Lam Langrock The Role of Hope in Coping with Collegiate Stress
2007 Jeff Lam Gurland An Examination of Self-Determination Theory in the Workplace
2007 Heather Viani McCauley The Effect of Question Phrasing and Associative Memory on Children’s Recall
2007 Ben Wiechman Gurland Assessing the Durability of the Undermining Effect: The Impact of Extrinsic Reqards on College Students’ Intrinsic Motivation
Year Student Advisor Thesis Title
2006 Elizabeth Allen Langrock The Role of Individual Differences in Children’s Recall of an Experienced Event
2006 Kelly Boyle Langrock The development of emotional literacy: Parent-child emotion discourse in the context of shared book reading
2006 Hannah Delong McCauley A Comparison of Interview Protocols on Children’s Recall
2006 Katie Devine Arndt Are Two Heads Better Than One?: Collaborative Inhibition of Recall
2006 Ted Garber Osborne Do people exhibit environmental preferences: Testing whether environmental consequences alter risk preferences
2006 Victoria Glowacky Gurland Developing and Validating a Measure of Children’s Lay Theories of Motivation
2006 Erika Gold Hofer A Cross-Cultural Study of US and Japanese Teachers’ Beliefs about Students’ Abilities: Innate or Learned?
2006 Megan Guffin Velez Predicting Hookup Behaviors: The Relative Role of Social Norm Misperception in the Decision to Hookup
2006 Rebecca Guillet Arndt Taboo Words: The Effect of Emotion on Memory for Peripheral Details
2006 Virginia Harr Coleman Effects of stereotype threat on group disidentification for women and math
2006 Sheena James Cho Mothers’ and Fathers’ Beliefs about and Affective Experiences with Discipline
2006 Rebecca Kaufman Root The Role of Anxiety and Physiological Arousal in Advantageous Decision-Making
2006 Elena Kennedy Hofer The ‘Electronic Tether’: The Influence of Frequent Parental Contact on the Development of Autonomy and Self-Regulation in Emerging Adulthood
2006 Christopher King McCauley Child Eyewitness Identification Accuracy from Simultaneous, Sequential, and Elimination Lineups
2006 Andrada Neacsiu Kimble Alcohol, Hooking Up and Sex: What can go wrong?
2006 Morgan Prust Kimble The Purely Emotional Iowa Gambling Task: The Effects of Fear on Unconscious Decision-Making
2006 Siobhan Redmond Langrock Children’s Memory Project: The Nature of Rapport-Building and Its Effect on Recall
2006 Jessica Ross Collaer How the Association Between an Ambient Odor and Failure Influences Performance of Rats on a Discrimination Task
2006 Elizabeth Schaumberg Osborne A Green Class?: Socioeconomic class differences in environmental attitudes and behaviors
2006 Connor Sindel Cronise Sensitization to the locomotor stimulating effects of ethanol can be altered by contextually conditioned in DBA/2J mice
2006 John Stewart Collaer Sex Differences in Visuospatial Tasks: Effect of Reference Cues on Line Judgment
2006 Molly Vaughn Velez A Cross-cultural Examination of the Role of Social Norms in College Students’ Casual Sexual Experiences: Spain and the US
2006 Leah Wildenger Hofer Theory of Mind and Domain Specificity of Epistemological Thought in 3- to 5-Year-Old Children
Year Student Advisor Thesis Title
2005 Allison Bell Hofer Choice or No Choice? Investigating the Cross-Cultural Differences in Educational Motivation
2005 Cortney Fritz Langrock Motivational Orientation and Perceived Control in Students with Learning Disabilities
2005 Katherine Hicks McCauley Investigating the Role of Alcohol on Perceptions of Domestic Violence
2005 Catherine Hileman Campbell Ambivalence About Sexual Behavior Among College Students: Correlates with Relationship Status, Gender, and Attachment Style
2005 Jessica Horner McCauley The Moderating Effects of Age, Verbal Ability, and Interview Type on the Accuracy of Children’s Memory Retrieval
2005 Amy Josephson McCauley Need for Cognition and Issue Involvement as Moderators of Framing Effects in Social Workers’ Decisions about Child Welfare
2005 Lauren King Gurland Getting the Creative Juices Flowing: The Influence of Personality and Environment on Creativity
2005 Susanna Preziosi Langrock Pushing and Name-Calling: A Developmental Comparison of Child and Parental Perceptions of Hurtfulness in Aggressive Behaviors
Year Student Advisor Thesis Title
2004 Allison DiBianca Jordan Psychotherapy, the Self, and Morality: Recognizing Psychotherapy’s Role in American Society as Moral Discourse and Re-envisioning its Future
2004 Jen Eggebroten Osborne Who Put a Soda Can in the Trash? Predicting Environmental Behavior in Addison County
2004 Christine Gould Arndt The Effects of Repetition and Retrieval Speed on False Memory
2004 Melissa Maxwell Jordan The Communication of Support in Romantic Relationships: Effects of Gender and Power
2004 Laura Reid Arndt Using a Bilingual Stroop Task to Investigate Intra- and Interlingual Interference in Novice Children and Novice Adult Bilinguals
2004 Larissa Robtoy Langrock A Comparison of Adolescent Girls’ and their Mothers’ Perceptions of Parental Control at the Transitions to Middle and High School
2004 Jenelle Slavin McCauley The Effects of Skin Color and Accent on Hispanic Witnesses’ Credibility
2004 Ben Spitz Hofer Language as a Cultural Prime: Differing Self-Construals among Bicultural Puerto Ricans
2004 Julie Stevens Campbell The Role of Gender in Same-Sex and Platonic Opposite-Sex Friendships
2004 Claire Studwell Collaer Maze Madness: Sex Differences in Spatial Ability and Navigation
Year Student Advisor Thesis Title
2003 Margaret Aleks McCauley Effects of socioeconomic status on child placement assignments in a case involving domestic violence
2003 Blake Barkin Riess Type of secondary school and disordered eating in first-year female undergraduates: Boarding versus Day, Co-educational versus Single-Sex, Public versus Private
2003 Sonali Desai Riess Idealized cartoon characters’ effects on children’s body image
2003 Gillian Finocan Campbell & Jordan Who do you turn to in times of trouble? Preferences for men or women as sources of empathy and advice.
2003 Jamie Hess Neuroscience Unpacking ‘Theory of Mind’ : The interface of Philosophy, Psychology, psychiatry and Neuroscience
2003 Sarah Ohle Langrock Early adolescents coping with academic stress and the D.C. sniper shootings: The role of stress responses in mediating the association between stress and adjustment.
2003 Jess Salerno McCauley The effect of cross-examination, deliberation and need for cognition of jurors’ ability to distinguish between good and bad scientific expert testimony
2003 Katie Ziemba Langrock Can we work together? Associations between friendship qualities and cooperative problem solving in elementary school-aged girls.
Year Student Advisor Thesis Title
2002 Lisa Bennett Velez Alcohol Expectancies and Attributions: What We Think When Other People Drink.
2002 Patricia Biggins Jordan The Effects of Experimenter versus Participant Control on the Completion of a Therapy-Like Task
2002 Lynette Cassidy Helreich Animal Models of Human Depression: The Effects of Imipramine on the Porsolt Swim Test and the Effects of Dexamethasone on Corticosterone Secretion
2002 Jamie Cedergreen Campbell Attachment Style as a Predictor of Ideal Standards in Romantic Relationships
2002 Tasha Eurich Campbell Self-Esteem, Attachment Style, and Conflict as Predictors of Social Comparison in Relationship Evaluation
2002 Jennifer Goralnick Collaer Do Differences in Hemispheric Lateralization Explain Sex Differences in Line Judgment?
2002 Kimberly Guion McCauley When do We Remove a Child from an Abusive Home? The Effects of Outcome Framing on Decision-Making?
2002 MarYam Hamedani Hofer Delineating the Dialectic: A Cultural and Developmental Perspective on Personal Epistemology
2002 Emily Kerner Langrock Coping With Collegiate Stress: A Proposed Model of Stress Responses as Mediators of the Association Between Stress and Adjustment Problems
2002 Jessica Monroe Hofer Competitive and Noncompetitive Performance Goals: Effects on Performance and Intrinsic Motivation
2002 Jessica St. John Campbell Gay Men, Sexual Exclusivity, and Commitment: An Investment Model Approach to Assessing Civil Unions in Vermont
Year Student Advisor Thesis Title
2001 Jean Burr Hofer Personal Epistemology and Theory of Mind: Disentangling Young Children’s Beliefs About Knowledge and Knowing
2001 Leslie Fox Campbell Self-Disclosure in Internet Interactions: The Impact of Gender, Anonymity, and Future Interactions
2001 Jeremy Fried Campbell Motivations and Emotional Responses of Casual Sexual Behavior as Related to Sex and Sociosexuality
2001 Celeste Gauthier McCauley Assessing Rapport Building Techniques as a Way to Enhance Preschoolers’ Recall Memory
2001 Kate Griffiths Riess Social Physique Anxiety and Eating Attitudes in College Females: The Influence of Sex Role and College Dormitory Settings
2001 Kelly Knapp Smith Self-Assessed Friendship Quality of Early Adolescents with and without Learning Disabilities
2001 Meredith Livoti McCauley Effects of Moral Culpability and Alcohol Expectancies on the Decisions of Guilt in a Domestic Violence Case
2001 Yasmin Mahal Osborne Alterations in Nesting Behaviors of Rats After Fornix Transection and Administration of ACTH(4-9)
2001 Courtney Quish McCauley Using the Cognitive Interview as a Source Monitoring Interview for Child Eyewitnesses
2001 Rachel Rackow Campbell Socialization and Social Identity: An Integrative Approach to the Study of Racism in German Fraternities
2001 Jessica Stahl Jordan Getting By With a Little Help from Friends: College Students and Counseling Skill Use in Same-Sex Best Friend Pairs
Year Student Advisor Thesis Title
2000 Colleen Bramhall Campbell Predictors of Recall Discrepancies Elicited by the Masculine Generic Pronoun: The Role of Self-Reference and Attitudes Toward Women
2000 Dana Dunleavy Collaer The Effects of Music Exposure on Spatial-Temporal Reasoning: A Comparison of Musicians and Non-Musicians
2000 Jennifer Kendrew Riess Faulty Thinking, Faulty Eating? Cognitive Biases in Disordered Eating among Female Undergraduates
2000 Lisa Labonte Hofer The Brother of the Box: The Effects of Disrupting the Flow of Expository Text
2000 Jme McLean Collaer Hemispheric Lateralization and Chinese Character Perception: A Cross Fluency Study
2000 Alina Wojnar Velez Consumer-Decision Making as a Function of Risk, Involvement, and Frame
2000 Michelle Young McCauley The Relation among Environmental Attitudes and Presentation of Outcome on Legal Decision Making
Year Student Advisor Thesis Title
1999 Jessica Blake Smith How Affect and Frame Influence Decisions Involving Risk
1999 Elizabeth Burns Smith Factors Influencing Children’s Choices: Frame, Age, and Situation
1999 Elizabeth Huffman Collaer Category Specific fMRI Response During the Visual Processing of Sad and Neutral Facial Expressions
1999 Julianne Krulewitz McCauley Assessing how Jurors’ Environmental Attitudes are Related to Decision Making
1999 Elizabeth Mann Jordan The Effect of Parental Attachments on College Students’ Sexual Behavior
1999 Angenie McCleary Riess Reactions of Loved Ones to Traumatic Loss
1999 Larry McDermott Collaer Differential Effects of Pubertal Alcohol Exposure on Male and Female Rats
1999 Johannah Nikula Smith The Influence of Non-diagnostic Information in Children’s Decision Making
1999 Christina Norris-Watts Campbell The Role of the Self-Schema in Interpersonal Judgments
1999 Leah Schaeffer Jordan The Impact of Parental-Adolescent Conflict on College Adjustment
1999 Amy Simpson McCauley The Effects of High Rape Myth Acceptance on Jury Decision Making
1999 Jessica Wrightsman Campbell Home Versus Hospital Birth: Predictors of College Women’s Birth Setting Preference